Example Of Scientifi Method Essays - Atmospheric Thermodynamics

Example Of Scientifi Method Scientific Method ? Deforestation in Rhondonia, Brazil Observation: In one of the major regions of deforestation, the province of Rhondonia, Brazil, the rainfall has been severely and or completely stopped. Theory: As the tropical rainforest of Rhondonia, Brazil is leveled for farmland, rainfall is significantly and directly reduced. Rainfall is reduced because there are fewer trees to return water vapor to the air through tree transpiration, or water evaporation through trees. Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air compared with the amount of vapor needed to make the air saturated at the air's current temperature. The point past saturation is precipitation, or rainfall. If deforestation is the cause of decreased rainfall, then decreased average relative humidity will be evident. Experimental Design: In order, to isolate deforestation as the primary factor causing decreased rainfall, tests will be conducted to measure relative humidity. A sling psychrometer will be used to gain these measurements. http://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/HYGROMT.HTM It is used to measure the amount of moisture in the air. The dry-bulb thermometer measures the air temperature, and the wet-bulb measures the lowest temperature that can be obtained by evaporating water into the air at constant pressure. A calculator will be used to convert to relative humidity. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/elp/wxcalc/rh.html El Paso National Weather Service Office's weather calculator This converter will take the wet-bulb temperature, the air temperature and the current uncorrected pressure and calculates the relative humidity and dewpoint. Please enter your air temperature and then choose either Fahrenheit or Celsius. Fahrenheit Celsius Please enter your wet-bulb temperature and then choose either Fahrenheit or Celsius. Fahrenheit Celsius Please enter your actual station pressure (not sea level pressure) and then choose either millibars or inches of Mercury. Millibars Inches of Mercury Relative humidity measurements will be taken every day for one year. The measurements will be taken at different stations in the rainforest. Four stations will be located no further than 10 miles from current areas of deforestation. Four other stations will be located at the interior of the rainforest, and at least 50 miles from recent deforestation. After these measurements are taken, they will be analyzed in three different ways. Run Experiment: The daily measurements were tracked for one year. Comparison 1 - The recent relative humidity measurements of the rainforest will be compared to previous figures of relative humidity. The average off all relative humidity measurements will be compared to the relative humidity of the rainforest before this experiment. Comparison 2 ? Recent relative humidity measurements of different regions of the rainforest will be compared. Measurements from areas near to sites of deforestation will be compared to measurements from sites further from areas of deforestation. Comparison 3 ? Measurements towards the end of the study will be compared to measurements at the end of the study. Average relative humidity measurements for the first month of the study will be compared to the average from the last month. Analysis: Comparison 1 - Taking the average of all measurements and comparing it to the average relative humidity from the prior year it was found that the average relative humidity had dropped one percent. Comparison 2 ? Taking the average of each stations relative humidity, it was found that all stations within 10 miles from deforestation had an average of two percent lower that stations at least 50 miles from deforestation. Comparison 3 ? Taking the average relative humidity for the last month from all stations and comparing it to the first months average it was found that the average had dropped .5 percent over the year. Conclusion: The findings suggest that deforestation is affecting the amount of rainfall in Brazil. The deforestation will not only continue to affect rainfall but will lead to increased global warming as evaporative cooling decreases. Evaporative cooling takes place when solar energy, or heat, is used to convert water from trees to water vapor or humidity. Science

Heathcliff Characterization Quotes Essay Example

Heathcliff Characterization Quotes Essay Example Heathcliff Characterization Quotes Essay Heathcliff Characterization Quotes Essay Ive no more business to marry Edgar Linton than I have to be in heaven; and if the wicked man in there had not brought Heathcliff so low, I shouldnt have thought of it. It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him; and that, not because hes handsome, Nelly, but because hes more myself than I am (86). Catherine admits to Ellen that she loves Heathcliff but cannot think of marrying him because he has been degraded by Hindley. Heathcliff hears this speech, and he leaves Wuthering Heights, not to return for three years. ) Nelly, I see now, you think me a selfish wretch; but did it never strike you that if Heathcliff and I married we should be beggars? whereas, if I marry Linton, I can aid Heathcliff to rise, and place him out of my brothers power? (87). Catherine tells Ellen what she believes will happen with her marriage and her relationship to Heathcliff. She really believes that her marriage to Linton will end up helping Heathcliff, which of course it does not. 3) My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods; time will change it, Im well aware, as winter changes the trees.My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneatha source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I am Heathcliff! Hes always, always in my mindnot as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself, but as my own being (88). The extent of the love between Catherine and Heathcliff is shown here. Heathcliff says similar things throughout the novel. 4) Id as soon put that little canary into the park on a winters day, as recommend you to bestow your heart on him!Hes not a rough diamonda pearl-containing oyster of a rustic: hes a fierce, pitiless, wolfish man (109). Although she loves Heathcliff, Catherine realizes the man he has become and strongly advises Isabella against getting involved with him. Isabella thinks Catherine is only jealous, and does not heed her advice. 5) You teach me how cruel youve been cruel and false. Why do you despise me? Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy? I have not one word of comfort. You deserve this. You have killed yourself. Yes, you may kiss me, nd cry, and wring out my kisses and tears; theyll blight you theyll damn you. You loved methen what right had you to leave me? What rightanswer mefor the poor fancy you felt for Linton? Because misery, and degradation and death, and nothing that God or Satan could inflict would have parted us, you, of your own will, did it. I have not broken your heartyou have broken it; and in breaking it, you have broken mine (170). As Catherine is ill and dying she blames Heathcliff for her suffering, but he tells her that it was she that left him and that all blame for their sorrow is hers. ) Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest as long as I am living! You said I killed youhaunt me, then! The murdered do haunt their murderers. I believeI know that ghosts have wandered on earth. Be with me alwaystake any formdrive me mad! only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh God! it is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! I cannot live without my soul! (176). Heathcliff passionately pleads for Catherine not to leave him after she has died. 7) I recovered from my first desire to be killed by him-Id rather hed kill himself!He has extinguished my love effectually, and so Im at my ease (182). Isabella has finally escaped from Heathcliff and from her love for him. She says this to Ellen as she is about to leave for another part of England. 8) The task was done, not free from further blunders, but the pupil claimed a reward, and received at least five kisses which, however, he generously returned. Then, they came to the door, and from their conversation, I judged they were about to issue out and have a walk on the moors (321).In the end of the novel Catherine has given up on being an enemy of Hareton, and instead teaches him to read. The two are friends and are engaged to be married. 9) My old enemies have not beaten me; now would be the precise time to revenge myself on their representatives-I could do it, and none could hinder me. But where is the use? I dont care for striking, I cant take the trouble to raise my hand. (336) Heathcliff has given up on revenge, as no longer has the will for it. It is only because of this that he is able to see Catherine again. 0) But the country folks, if you asked them, would swear on their Bible that he walks. There are those who speak to having met him near the church, and on the moor, and even within this house. Idle tales, youll say, and so say I. Yet that old man by the kitchen fire affirms he has seen two on em looking out of his chamber window, on every rainy night since his death. (349). Ellen tells Lockwood about the how the country people and Joseph have seen the ghosts of Heathcliff and Catherine walking on the moors.

Networks and The Tokugawa Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Networks and The Tokugawa Period - Essay Example This put the Japanese society at the same development level with the European societies of that time. Although the governance in Japan then was full of corruption, inequality and lack of justice, Iceman argues that the network revolution that came during this time led to the improved forms of transport and communication improving trade and economic activities of the area. It also improved freedom and general interaction between people from different backgrounds bringing about unity. Depicting evidence from the books â€Å"Proving the Way conflict and practice in the history of Japanese Nativism†, by Mark McNally and â€Å"Bonds of Civility Aesthetic Networks and the Political Origins of Japanese Culture†, by Eiko Ikegami we discover that one of the networks important to the Tokugawa people was the aesthetic horizantal network. This aesthetic horizontal network culminated from the fields of art and also in the political world in the Tokugawa era. These horizontal network s were associated with seated arts (Za), Linked Verse (renga). For example, linked verse events, occasions and ceremonies were carried out in the shade of cherry blossoms (hana no moto renga). This gatherings were considered sacred and and therefore were linked with their higher deities. Another important network was the vertical networks which were in harmony with the belief of muen. This allowed people who had different social standings in the Japanese society or individuals from varying social classes to gather together and partake in poetry sessions with no special treatment being offered to anyone. Another good example of these vertical networks was the popularity of the wild, unbounded and radical dancing that was practiced by these Japanese people which were orchestrated by sanctified madness known as (Kuruu). This dancing through vertical networks had spread through the Japanese community due to the vertical networks.In 1603, Tokugawa defeated his adversaries and he started an empire which prolonged till 1868. Over 260 years, peace has prevailed in japan, whereby lhe started Edo, which marked the beginning of Kanto. Tokugawa regime reigned supreme via complex unions having 250 lords, some closely related to Tokugawa. Each retained its own cities and as a rule, some cities maintained a high caliber, of socio-economic and heritage autonomy. In town areas, various cultures and trends sprung up such as sumo wrestling, geisha entertainers, and karate and kabuki drama that all originated from urbanization hence making the japan towns to be at an advantage over the Europeans in development, but still yet japan were short of political prowess in accordance to their socio-economic and heritage gains. Within the horizontal and vertical networks people practiced poetry, theatre, painting, Ikebana, tea making, Bonsai, poetry in form of Joruri, calligraphy and music. During this period, their practices were lesser subjected to beliefs and religion. Their practices were not based on their religion and their belief in spirit sand magic as it was with their predecessors. In the Tokugawa aesthetic network they practiced a lot of arts. Artists began to commercialize their practice whereby they sharpened their skills and began to make money out of their works. This was due to the commercialization of various activities during this period. Tokugawa social dynasties and social quo started

Concreate Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Concreate - Assignment Example The study also takes into consideration, the different types of Portland cement from type I to V. In the concrete mix preparation, the strength and consistency of the concrete will be measured. This will enable the engineers to do necessary adjustments to regularize the range of strengths and elasticity. From the observations made in the general properties of the concrete mix, it is necessary to take note of the troweling feasibility of using the concrete. In order to ascertain determine whether the troweling is workable or not, the property test will require working with a trowel on the concrete. The quality of the concrete is measured by how smooth it was to work on it. If it requires so much strength to work on then the trowel workability is troubled, and will be assigned either fair or poor rating. The concrete is produced in different layers, each layer containing unique composition of materials. The third layer is overfilled for the sake of consolidation. The final stage is to finishing the upper layer using the tamping rod as well as the trowel to smoothen it. This is then followed by covering the upper layer to ensure there is no evaporation. Temperature and moisture require careful treatment and observation since they directly affect the strength of the concrete. Before com pressing and testing the concrete, one has to take the measurement of the radius and the diameter of concrete using calipers. The cylindrical concrete is measured in the middle at 4 points on its circumference. Just prior to the testing and compression, the engineers cap each end of the concrete to allow uniform spread of weight when a load is applied to it. Concretes are made into different shapes and compression failure modes to strengthen them. The shapes include full shear, splitting (columnar), shear cone, cone splitting and local shear wedge. The variables to

Integrated Marketing Communication and Information Technology Research Paper

Integrated Marketing Communication and Information Technology - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that with the development of Internet technology consumer’s behavior, lifestyle and expectations have changed dramatically, thus making marketers and other professionals adjust to these changes. All these changes have been transformed into special subject known as Integrated Marketing Communication. Nowadays, in order to be successful, many companies have successfully adopted the principles of Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC). The American Association of Advertising Agencies defines IMC as a â€Å"concept of marketing communication, which sees the added value in an all-inclusive plan†, whereas the strategic importance of various communication tools (such as advertising, public relations, sales promotion, direct marketing) taken into account. This approach allows marketers â€Å"to ensure clarity, consistency and maximum communication impact†. One of the companies who has adopted IMC to its strategy is global com pany Samsung. In October 2011 Samsung rolled out Galaxy Note – the smartphone with a screen diagonal width of 5, 3-inches. These sizes of the smartphone were quite unusual and made it be perceived as a hybrid between the smartphone and tablet. There were many skeptics who were doubtful about the success of this particular product due to its unusual sizes. However, the company has achieved fabulous success having sold five million units of the Galaxy Note in the first five months. The launch of the second version of the Galaxy Note with 5,5-inches screen also has proved to be successful, as global sales have reached 10 million in the second half of 2012. The success formula of the Galaxy Note was comprised of three main factors, including the following: technological advancement, global operations and branding of Samsung, and unique marketing strategy.

Family Support Programme for ICU Patient Relatives

Family Support Programme for ICU Patient Relatives Constantin Vintilescu From DNP Online Community Davidson, E., Daly, J., Brady, R. Higgins, P. (2010). Facilitated Sensemaking A Feasibility Study for the Provision of a Family Support Program in the Intensive Care Unit. Critical Care Nurse Journal 33 (2) 177-189. Introduction / Purpose Evidence has shown that family members of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients develop anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic stress syndrome -like symptoms. Paparrigopoulos (2006), Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) (2006) and the Society of Critical Care Medicine recommend family-centered care, but few studies demonstrate successful interventions to â€Å"decrease the ad ­verse psychological effect of critical illness on the family.â€Å" (Azoulay, 2005) This project served to examine the feasibility of such interven ­tions, and as a pilot program to investigate research procedures before the design of a controlled trial. Derived from business leadership models, â€Å"Facilitated Sensemaking,† provided the theoretical framework for the interventions: family members experience a disruption in their lives when a loved one is admitted to the ICU; they adjust with a compensatory process that may be influenced by nursing interventions. Methods The ‘Family Support Pro ­gram’ was developed consisting of personalized instructions delivered a clinical nurse specialist, and a family visiting kit in zip-locked plastic bag consisting of: a workbook including program introduction and instructions, cognitive recovery activities, activities to perform at the bedside including passive range of motion exercises, and personal care items. The program was offered to 30 consecutive families in a 32 bed â€Å"mixed-use ICU. All participants were English-speaking adult family members of mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients. To evaluate feasibility, data was collected on program acceptance, time of personal instruction, use of items in the family visiting kit, and family perception of program usefulness. In piloting the research procedure: a Family Sup ­port Program evaluation, and adapted Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (aCCFNI) was administered and psychometric properties of the instrument the reliability and validity of the questioner and scoring method were assessed. A convenience sample is a study of subjects taken from a group that is conveniently accessible to a researcher. One advantage of this is that it is easy to access, requiring little effort and time. This sampling method suffers from a major disadvantage in that it is not an accurate representation of the population, which can skew results quite radically. Use of a convenience sample is quite popular and prevalent, however, and it can be valid under certain conditions. Biases and Flaws Any number of biases can occur in a convenience sample. By selecting from a specific population such as students enrolled in Sociology 101, people visiting a mall between 10:00 am and 2:00 pm on Saturdays, or library patrons, the study inadvertently excludes a great deal of the population. Choosing only students in a particular classroom at a certain university can easily exclude certain portions of the general populace, such as children or those without the financial means to attend the school. Such exclusions are not always a problem. For example, a study on library patrons could easily take a convenience sample of people at a certain library and generalize the results. On the other hand, a study on social attitudes toward people with disabilities should not use only the students in a sociology class, which does not necessarily represent an accurate cross-section of the population. This inability to accurately generalize the results of such a group makes it ineffective for many studies. Researchers who want more valid results typically take a probability sample, which attempts to get an accurate representation of the population. It is not generally possible to study everyone, but it is possible to randomly assign people to a study with an eye toward retaining a balance of characteristics seen in the population in general. For example, organizations that conduct political polling usually try to draw on a large database of people and select subjects randomly. This randomization increases the chances of a more accurate pool forming to produce results that can be better generalized. If a convenience sample is used, researchers typically disclose this fact. Good research usually includes a detailed overview of the sampling techniques used, so that people reading about it have a better understanding of how it was conducted. When revealing that a convenience sample was used, the researcher may also present justifications for its use and defend its accuracy. Evaluation / Analysis Standard statistical methods were applied using SPSS. Each aCCFNI item was ranked in order of importance using a weighted average analysis to measure â€Å"the importance of the need and how well that need was met† (Davidson 2010). The Family Sup ­port Program evaluation questioner was in the same way analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results Of the thirty family members approached for the Family Support Program, all consented to participate. 22 surveys were returned. Quantitative analyses of the aCCFNI results determine all 45 needs had some importance. Likewise, all items offered within the family visiting kits were found useful to some fam ­ily members. 42 Referrals to ancillary services were made for the 30 family members. Discussion / Conclusion Like previous research, this study demonstrated the importance of each of the 45-aCCFNI needs. A list of top 10 needs was also identified and corresponds with work by other researchers. Several non-generalizable opportunities for unit-specific performance improvement, including parking and other transportation related areas of stress were identified. 27% of family members who participated in the study did not to complete the surveys. The authors speculate that, â€Å"the early critical care period may be too stressful to concentrate on writing.† Only two family members were observed writing in the provided workbook even though the workbook was reported as helpful on the program evaluation questioner. The authors point-out similar phenomenon demonstrated in the literature (Kloos 2008). The small sample size was identified as a study limitation. Results of this study are â€Å"also limited to English-speaking adult family members of mechanically ventilated patients† (Davidson 2010). The contents of the family visiting kits were re ­fined with feedback received from family members during the study. It was suggested to build a ‘family supply cart’ to wheeled around the unit and offer supplies to family members. Operational issues During the study, many unit-specific issues arose regarding current practice and were for ­warded to the leadership team for action. For example, while screening patients for inclu ­sion into the study, the investigator discovered that many patients did not have family mem ­bers or visitors. A visiting ministry to meet the social needs of those patients has been suggested. Nurses and families alike were unaware of the hospital’s family room in the medical li ­brary equipped with an Internet-connected computer and handy hot-linked Web sites as well as novels. Because of study refer ­rals, the librarian reported an increased use in the family room (M. Robinson, personal oral communication, September 30, 2007). An informational sheet of family-friendly med ­ical information sites was prepared for in ­clusion in the visiting kit and later use. A note card explaining library services was de ­veloped, printed, and stocked in the waiting areas. As found in studies by Lautrette et al,31 Melnyk et al,14 Jones et al,13 and Kloos and Daly,33 family members appreciate supportive interventions that are multimodal in nature, both verbal and written. In this study, families also self-reported and it was observed that tac ­tile interventions using common household items for hands-on bedside activities were a welcome addition to the family support services. CONCLUSION The Family Support Program based on the model of facilitated sensemaking is not only feasible but also helpful to family members of mechanically vented, adult ICU patients. The demonstrated reliability of the aCCFNI supports its continued use in identifying im ­portant needs and evaluating whether those needs are met for families of ICU patients. An overall score weighting importance and needs-met for each item aided in ranking op ­portunities for improvement. Future research is warranted to continue evaluation of the Fa ­cilitated Sensemaking theory and measure ef ­fect of these interventions on outcomes (eg, anxiety, depression, symptoms suggestive of risk for posttraumatic stress). Inclusion of this nursing intervention is warranted to assist family members in communicating with the patient as part of the list of bedside activi ­ties. Future study design should be expanded to other cultures or patient groups. Educa ­tional programs targeted to provide instruc ­tion f or nurses on how to include family mem ­bers into daily practice are also warranted. The time the lead investigator spent per fam ­ily in supportive interactions appeared rea ­sonable for inclusion into the bedside nurse’s practice. Feasibility was further supported in that family members accepted and used the inter ­ventions that were based on concepts of the Facilitated Sensemaking model. Information to assist with decoding by explaining equip ­ment, alarms, and surroundings was notably accepted. Instructions for interacting with or assisting ICU patients were appreciated. The provision of personal care supplies was found to be most helpful and useful. Verbal instruc ­tions and hands-on activities were preferred over journaling activities. References Azoulay, E., Pochard, F., Kentish-Barnes, N. et al. (2005). Risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms in family members of intensive care unit patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine .171 (9): 987-994 Paparrigopoulos, T., Melissaki, A., Efthymiou, A. et al.(2006).Short-term psychological impact on family members of intensive care unit patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research.61 (5):719-722

Government and Politics - The War in Iraq and the Bush Administration E

The War in Iraq and the Bush Administration My great, but imperialist nation is at war again. And it's the hottest reality TV program ever conceived! I find it interesting that protestors in Chicago marched on the home of the ad exec responsible for the new "Army of One" campaign. The people on the street, or in the streets as is the case here, know how false that message is and they're taking matters into their own hands. In "Masters of War," Bob Dylan attempted to put a face on the enemy next door. Today, in this time of instant and often wireless communication, we not only have the face, we have all the digits that go with that face and the ability to direct an activist movement at this "target" within hours, if not minutes. Welcome to the hyperlinked Internet Age, an age of honesty and sharing for the common good. I've got CNN on in the other room and from time to time I feel the need to see what they are entertaining the viewers with. Explosions! Explosions make for great TV, as Hollywood continues to prove. The other thing CNN, MSNBC, FOX, and CNBC are overwhelming...